články -patopsychologie

Box 1

Bullying screener

1. Direct bullying refers to harming others by directly getting at them. It is done by one or a group of pupils repeatedly against some children at school. These children:

   • Are threatened or blackmailed or have their things stolen

   • Are insulted or get called nasty names

   • Have nasty tricks played on them/are subject to ridicule

   • Are hit, shoved around or beaten up

1. Relational bullying refers to damage relationships between friends and destroy status in groups to hurt or upset someone. Over and over again some children at school:

   • Get deliberately left out of get-togethers, parties, trips or groups

   • Have others ignore them, not wanting to be their friend anymore, or not wanting them around in their group

   • Have nasty lies, rumours or stories told about them

1. Cyberbullying is when someone tries to upset and harm a person using electronic means (eg, mobile phones, text messages, instant messaging, blogs, websites (eg, Facebook, YouTube) or emails)

   • Have their private email, instant mail or text messages forwarded to someone else or have them posted where others can see them

   • Have rumours spread about them online

   • Get threatening or aggressive emails, instant messages or text messages

   • Have embarrassing pictures posted online without their permission

(Answered for A, B, and C separately on this 4-point scale)

1. How often have these things happened to you in the last 6 months?

   • Never

   • Not much (1–3 times)

   • Quite a lot (more than 4 times)

   • A lot (at least once a week)

2. How often have you done these things to others in the last 6 months?

   • Never

   • Not much (1–3 times)

   • Quite a lot (more than 4 times)

   • A lot (at least once a week)

Victims: Happened to them: quite a lot/a lot; did to others: never/not much

Bully/victims: Happened to them: quite a lot/a lot; did to others: quite a lot/a lot

Bullies: Happened to them: never/not much; did to others: quite a lot/a lot

Adapted from refs 3 ,8 ,12 ,13

Bullying is not conduct disorder

Bullying is found in all societies, including modern hunter-gatherer societies and ancient civilisations. It is considered an evolutionary adaptation, the purpose of which is to gain high status and dominance,14 get access to resources, secure survival, reduce stress and allow for more mating opportunities.15 Bullies are often bi-strategic, employing both bullying and also acts of aggressive ‘prosocial’ behaviour to enhance their own position by acting in public and making the recipient dependent as they cannot reciprocate.16 Thus, pure bullies (but not bully/victims or victims) have been found to be strong, highly popular and to have good social and emotional understanding.17 Hence, bullies most likely do not have a conduct disorder. Moreover, unlike conduct disorder, bullies are found in all socioeconomic18 and ethnic groups.12 In contrast, victims have been described as withdrawn, unassertive, easily emotionally upset, and as having poor emotional or social understanding,17 ,19 while bully/victims tend to be aggressive, easily angered, low on popularity, frequently bullied by their siblings20 and come from families with lower socioeconomic status (SES),18 similar to children with conduct disorder.