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Patent protects inventions, technologies and new discoveries that are usable in industry. Patents must be applied for and
must meet two requirements: novelty and industrial applicability. We must pay to make the patented work.
Trademarks are various symbols, logos and names that the general public associates with certain products. For manufacturers
it is important to create a distinct name for a new product. Passing off is a tort consisting in using the same or a similar logo
or name of the product, which may confuse the consumer.
9 – COMPANY LAW
RUNNING A BUSINESS
An independent person may become a sole trader. All profits go to them, they are fully liable for all debts.
In case of partnership, the partners are liable jointly and severally.
A company is a legal entity (artificial legal person). The members of a company are liable up to a certain limits or fully liable.
Companies are subjects to a corporate tax. Parent/holding company can ground subsidiaries.
The limited companies issue shares that may be available to the public. Shares are bought and sold on the Stock Exchange.
There are various ways to raise capital. The first one is issuing shares, the second one is selling of debentures. The owners of
shares may be paid a dividend (a proportion of the profit made).
To set up a private limited liability company, there must be a registration with the Companies House. Also, the
memorandum of association (US: articles of incorporation) must be drafted. At last, the articles of association (by-laws) are
required. The company may start to operate after issuing a certificate of incorporation.