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13. Victorian literature, Shelley, Wilde

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  • The Supremacy of Youth and Beauty: Dorian distances himself, not to mention his consciousness, from the horrors of his actions by devoting himself to the study of beautiful things—music, jewels, rare tapestries. In a society that prizes beauty so highly, youth and physical attractiveness become valuable commodities. Lord Henry reminds Dorian of as much upon their first meeting, when he laments that Dorian will soon enough lose his most precious attributes. Price to pay for those is high – Dorian paid with his soul.

  • Motifs (2 of them):

    • Homosexual relationships: appreciation of youth and beauty was not only fundamental to culture but was also expressed as a physical relationship between men. As a homosexual living in an intolerant society, Wilde asserted this philosophy partially in an attempt to justify his own lifestyle. For Wilde, homosexuality was not a sordid vice but rather a sign of refined culture.

    • The picture: physical burdens of age and sin from which he has been spared. For a time, Dorian sets his conscience aside and lives his life according to a single goal: achieving pleasure. His painted image, however, asserts itself as his conscience and hounds him with the knowledge of his crimes: there he sees the cruelty he showed

  • Symbols (2 of them):

    • The yellow book: represents the profound and damaging influence that art can have over an individual and serves as a warning to those who would surrender themselves so completely to such an influence

    • The Opium Dens: The opium dens, located in a remote and derelict section of London, represent the sordid state of Dorian’s mind. He flees to them at a crucial moment. After killing Basil, Dorian seeks to forget the awfulness of his crimes by losing consciousness in a drug-induced stupor. Although he has a canister of opium in his home, he leaves the safety of his neat and proper parlor to travel to the dark dens that reflect the degradation of his soul

  • The ending:

    • Dorian is devastated by his life, his conscious is hurt

    • But it’s a happy ending – hope for the future

    • There is karma

    • The ending is not actually really “Wildey” – it has a sense of Victorian novel ending

      • Needed the moral ending – the evil is punished

    • Everybody is somehow guilty

    • Dorian was also a victim of Henry’s manipulation

  • Characters

    Dorian Grey

    MARY SHELLEY (1797-1851)

    • She eloped (running out of her family) with Percy Shelly when she was really young and also lost a baby really young

    • ostracized from her family (cutting off) – felling like outsider

    • her mother – early feminist

    • by the time of 19th century – stricter period – running out – moral judgement

    • she was considered with human rights – enlightenment

    • industrial revolution

    • Frankenstein – genre sci-fi, gothic literature – beautiful woman placed into dangerous/exotic/romantic location (castle) who is saved by hero – one female character – shows feelings to FR and got killed, supernatural, Superscience, Exotic location, melodrama, idea of the double – two characters whose destinies are linked, novel

    • Influenced by romanticism – idea of Byronic hero = mysterious character, Power of nature – mans relationship with nature and technology – want to go to more authentic/natural time

    • Prometheus – character, Frankenstein the modern Prometheus, = he stole fire from Zeus, one of leftover titans, creates humanity/people – idea of create a figure, technology for Greeks is fire, technology = survival tool, transformation of nature into sm man made, fire – transforming the world, Zeus did not like this – technology belongs to them, chained him to cliffs – eagles (servants of Zeus) comes each day and peck (hlodat) his liver – symbolic – they think you think with your liver, liver can rejuvenate itself, his punishment – to destroy his intelligence

    • Frankenstein also creates live, takes power of God – tortured for this

    • Narrators – The Monster, Victor Frankenstein, Robert Walton (captain) – they stories mirror each other

    • R Walton – he is an explorer driven by ambition, to make a name for himself by discovering Northern passage, he wants to extend boundaries of human knowledge - geografically

    • V Frankenstein – upset when his mom dies, wants to extend boundaries of human knowledge – not geographically

    • The Monster – wants to join the human society, characterized by – wants to know who he is, who made him, driven by request of self-knowledge

    • Novel is told in epistolary form – series of letter from Robert to his sister – story within a story within a story

    • Why letters? Authenticity – because its fiction – creating sense of reality – this could happen

    • When does the novel start? It starts from the end – in terms of chronological narrative

    • R Walton narrative – he is on the ship, sees dark figure across the ice, huge man, disepears into darkness, next day they find a man near death, take him and nursing him – he starts to tell his story – they dies – end of the story

    • Then story is told again from the start

    • F tells his story – privileged family in Geneva, family adopt peasant girl – raised as his sister – when you are born is less relevant than how are you raised, his mother dies – obsessed with life and death, drawn to forbidden books – secrete knowledge – cholera epidemic – starts to experiment with death bodies to bring them to life – uses lighting (Prometheus – fire), M Shelly she left physical appearance of the monster to imagination – everybody who sees him feels distortion, disgust

    • He returnes to Geneva, on the way home – receives news that his little brother has been murdered by strong being, servant went to look, the next day they found her with boys locket around her neck – she confesses to crime in order to be accepted by catholic church

    • V FR feels the sense that sm is coming for him, nature helps him to recover, wants to kill the monster – turns out that monster is sensitive, intelligent soul, miserable

    • Now monsters story – describing first moments of his existence – what he sees he smells – like a little baby, open his eyes – enormous light, he doesn’t understand and know anything

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