Syntax - přednášky
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Subject operator inversion
I little expected such enthusiasm.
Little did I expect such enthusiasm.
Concord
It is Subject – Verb agreement – shoda podmětu s přísudkem
Grammatical concord
Rather mechanical
Subject is in singular/plural = verb is in singular/plural
Notional concord – according to meaning rather than strict grammar
According to meaning rather than strict grammar
Collective nouns
In British English grammatically singular collective nouns are treated as notionally plural if the group is considered as a collection of individuals – class, government, family…
Undivided body – Sg.
Group of individuals – Pl.
The government is doing its job well. – Sg. / The government are doing their job well. – Pl.
The government, which has not been in power long, is trying to control inflation. – Sg. / The government, who have not been in power long, are trying to control inflation. – Pl.
The government, which is doing this, is asking for problems. – Sg. / The government, who are doing this, are asking for problems. – Pl.
What changed? - Verb phrases, relative pronouns (which, who), possessive adjectives, personal pronouns
!!! The committee has not yet decided how they should react to the letter. !!! – The first clause the committee is taken as an undivided body and the second party is taken as a group of individuals – it is inconsistent – IT MUST BE CONSISTENT!
Indefinite expressions as subject
Some indefinite pronouns and determiners have both uncountable and countable uses. With uncountable nouns (present or implies) the verb is singular.
1. Some of the snow HAS melted
2. Some of the books ARE on the shelves.
3. Most of us HAVE experienced it.
4. Most of our steel IS imported.
Everybody, nobody, anybody
Každý student musí dnes odevzdat svůj domácí úkol. – Every student must submit their homework today. / In past was used – Every student must submit his or her homework today.
9. 10.
Coordination and coordinative apposition
When a subject consists of two or more noun phrases (or clauses) coordinated by AND, a distinction has to be made between coordination and coordinative apposition
Tom and Alice are now ready. (Tom is Tom, Alice is Alice)
Your problem and mine are similar.
Coordinative apposition with AND – each of the units has the same reference
This temple and memorial to Victorian bad taste was elected in the main street of the city. (It is a temple and also memorial – one building.)
His brother and subsequent editor of his collected papers was with him. (His brother is also subsequent editor = WAS/ WERE = different people)
Coordination with OR:
Either the mayor or her deputy is bound to come. – When both noun phrases are in singular, the verb is in singular
Either the strikers or the bosses have misunderstood the claim. – When both noun phrases are in plural, the verb is in plural
When one in singular and the other in the plural – the rule of proximity
Either your brakes or your eyesight is at fault.