Syntax - přednášky

• Non-defining relative clauses are separated by commas.

DEFINING

Relative pronoun can function as a SUBJECT of a relative clause

He paid the man WHO/THAT had done the work.

This is the photo WHICH/THAT shows my house.

Relative pronoun can function as an OBJECT of a relative clause

The doctor (WHO/WHOM/THAT) they had called was delayed because of a traffic accident. – it is in brackets because it can be left out – it has its own subject (they)

This is the photo (WHICH/THAT) she showed us yesterday.

Relative pronoun can function as an object of a preposition

The doctor TO WHOM she sent him is a specialist.

The doctor WHO/M she sent him TO is a specialist.

The doctor THAT she sent him TO is a specialist. - 4 alternatives (preposition is moved at the end)

The doctor - she sent him TO is a specialist.

THAT – used for persons and things ONLY in defining relative clauses

The relative pronoun may be omitted ONLY in defining clauses

NON-DEFINING

Relative pronoun can function as a SUBJECT of a relative clause

Mr Jenkins, WHO has written several books, spoke at the meeting last night.

Animate noun phrase – životné podstatné jméno

Inanimate noun phrase

Relative pronoun can function as an OBJECT of a relative clause

Peter Novák, WHO/M the manager sacked last week, has become chairman.

• It has its own subject (manager)

Relative pronoun can function as an object of a preposition

Mr Jones, FOR WHOM I work, got married yesterday.

Mr Jones, WHOM I work FOR, got married yesterday.

Mr Jones, WHO I work FOR, got married yesterday.

Other Wh- words – WHEN, WHERE, WHY

That‘s the woman WHOSE son won the competition.

This is the house WHERE the windows were broken.

WHOSE windows

the windows OF WHICH

OF WHICH the windows

I need to know the exact time WHEN you expect to arrive.

Do you know the hotel WHERE we are staying? – relative pronoun

He shops over in Oxford, WHERE his sister lives.- Oxford is an unique place

DEFINING & NON-DEFINING

He has a brother who is a scientist. –

He has a brother, who is a scientist.

All the books which had pictures in them were sent to the little girl.- I sent only books with pictures.

All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.- I sent all the books and that they have pictures in them is only additional information.

I will wear no clothes which will distinguish me from my fellow-men. – I will wear the same kind of clothes

I will wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from my fellow-men. - ??

We use “THAT” after ALL, EVERYTHING, ….SUPERLATIVES

All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye.

Everything that can be done has been done.

I’ll do everything (that) I can. – it is in brackets because it can be left out – because the relative clause has its own subject

SENTENTIAL RELATIVE CLAUSES

He walks for an hour each morning, WHICH would bore me.

Things then improved, WHICH surprises me.

• WHICH = COŽ – we use commas before which

Defining/non-defining relative clauses x sentential relative clauses