Syntax - přednášky

Her employer demands this. She must come to work on time.

→Her employer demands that she come.

The committee proposed this. A lawyer should be consulted regarding their legal rights.

→The committee proposed that a lawyer be consulted regarding their legal rights.

We strongly urge this. You should not interfere in this matter.

→We strongly urge that you not interfere in this matter.

May I ask this of you? (omit of). Do not tell anyone about our plans.

→ May I ask that you not tell anyone about our plans.

The doctor has suggested this. The patient should take a long vacation.

→The doctor has suggested that the patient take a long vacation.

I urge this. Stay in bed until you are over your cold.

→ I urge that you stay in bed until you are over your cold.

The students request this. They should be given less homework

→The students request that they be given less homework.

The general commanded this. All the men in the post should be prepared for an immediate attack.

→The general commanded that all the men in the post be prepared for an immediate attack.

We desire this. The tour leader should notify us immediately of any change in plans.

→We desire that the tour leader notify us immediately of any change in plans.

20. 11. 2018

Relative clauses PM

Nominal/noun clauses S, O, C

Adverbial clauses express different kinds of ADVERBIALS

Adverbial clauses

Adverbial clauses are often identified by asking and answering the questions WHEN, WHERE, HOW, WHY ……

They express elements of:

TIME WHEN?

PLACE WHERE?

MANNER HOW?

REASON WHY?

CONDITION ON WHAT CONDITION?

CONCESSION/CONTRAST (přípustková) ELEMENT OF CONTRAST

PURPOSE WHAT FOR? FOR WHAT PURPOSE?

RESULT CONSEQUENCE

COMPARISON HOW?

Conditionals

If, on condition (that), provided (that), so/as long as, unless …….

Type 1

• If the weather clears, we’ll go for a walk.

  • If it is the other way round we don’t have to use comma

Type 2

• If I had more money, I’d buy it for you.

  • Referring to the present

  • I would buy = present conditional → it consists of modal verb “would” + verb in present form of bare infinitive

Type 3

• If I had worked harder at school, I’d have got a better job

  • Referring to the past

  • I would have bought = past conditional → it consists of modal verb would + verb in perfect form of bare infinitive

Zero conditionals

• If = when

• If/when you boil water, it turns into steam

  • There are the same tenses – because it is something that happens always, repeated situations

  • They are generally true

  • It refers to repeated situation

Mixed conditionals

• If the boy had listened to his parents last year (Type 3 – it refers to the past), he would not be in trouble now (Type 2 – it refers to the present).

• It refers to different time zones

No conjunction
Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us.

Were she my daughter, I would send her abroad.

Had we known about this sooner, we could have helped you.

• It is conditional type 3

• We can use conjunction if – If we had known…

• If we omit conjunction, there is inversion of subject and operator – had we known