Syntax - přednášky

• Subordinate clause followed by main clause = bude tam čárka

He will go home after he closes his store.

• When it refers to the future, we use future tense in the main clause and present tense in subordinate clause

He will go gome after he has closed the store.

• We can use present perfect

The construction on my house will begin after the lumber arrives/has arrived → present perfect is used to emphasise.

She said (that) the construction on her house would begin after the lumber arrived/had arrived.

I don’t know when he will come tomorrow.

→ It is not ADVERBIAL CL. OF TIME, it is nominal “WH-“ interrogative clause – we are asking “WHAT I don’t know?” – when he will come tomorrow.

Now that = teď když

You have not changed since I saw you last. – Adverbial clause of time – “since” is used conjunction – there is the past tense → Vůbec jsi se nezměnil od té doby, co jsem tě viděl naposledy.

PLACE

Where, wherever, anywhere …
You can´t camp where/wherever/anywhere you like these days. – the question is “where” = adverbial clause of place

MANNER

As, (how, the way)

Type it as I showed you. – the question is “how” – adverbial clause of manner

• “As” is conjunction

The steak is cooked just as/how/the way I like it.

As if, as though

It sounds as if/though the situation will get worse.

She was trembling as if she had seen a ghost.

She acted as if she were mad.

(verbs describing behaviour)

REASON

As, since, because

Since/As you can’t type the letter yourself, you have to ask us. – the reason is known – we usually use “as/since”

You have to ask me because you can’t type the letter yourself. – the reason is unknown – we usually use “because”

• In both cases we deal with adverbial clause of reason

I want to buy it because I want to be independent.

PURPOSE (věta příslovečná účelová)

• The action is only potential

• It doesn’t matter if we start with main clause or with subordinate adverbial clause

So that, in order that, lest + modal verb (almost archaic conjunction)

• The form of modal verb depends on the tense used in the main clause:

• If we use the present tense or present perfect tense:

We’ve arrived early so that/in order that we may/can/will get good tickets.

• If we use the past tense or past perfect:

We arrived early so that/in order that we should/could/might/would get good tickets.

I am here so early to/in order to/ so as to get good tickets.- the infinitive of purpose – used when the subjects are the same (I am here = I can get good tickets) → THIS IS NOT ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PURPOSE! - it would be finite clause

I bought a new car so that/ in order that my wife might learn to drive. – different subjects (I bought… my wife learn) – we can’t use the infinitive of purpose

Special: FOR + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

I bought a new car for my wife to learn to drive.

RESULT (důsledková)

• The main clause is always followed by subordinate clause

So + adjective + THAT