Syntax - přednášky

6 They moved into an expensive apartment. Already they have become very snobbish.

→ Since they moved into an expensive apartment, they have become very snobbish. (AC, time)

7 Soccer is a popular spectator sport in England. In the United States it is football that attracts large audiences.

→ Soccer is a popular spectator sport in England while in the United States it is football that attracts large audiences. (AC, contrast)

8 My assistant is on vacation. I have a lot of extra work to do.

→ Since my assistant is on vacation, I have a lot of extra work to do. (AC, reason) -> I have a lot of extra work to do because my assistant is on vacation. (also AC of reason)

9 He went outside. He wanted to get some fresh air.

→ He went outside because he wanted to get some fresh air. (AC, reason) → He went outside so that he could get some fresh air. (AC, purpose; we use could because past tense is used in the main clause) or in order that

10 They are very boring. We hate to visit them.

→ They are so boring that we hate to visit them. (AC, result)

Appositive clauses

• Appositive clauses resemble relative clauses

1) They are introduced by THAT

2) It can be restrictive & non-restrictive

• AC differ from relative clauses

1. THAT is not an element in the clause structure (subject, object)

• Relative clause with THAT = subject – This is a photo that shows my cat. = který

• Relative clause with THAT = object – This is a person that we saw yesterday.

BUT IN APPOSITIVE CLAUSES WHICH FOLLOW ABSTRACT NOUNS:

A message that he would be late arrived by special delivery. – that is conjunction = že

This fact, that this is obligatory, should be easy to remember. –II-

(Non-restrictive but still involves THAT – in sharp contrast with non-restrictive relative clauses.)

2) They follow only abstract nouns (fact, idea, information)

Exercise – appositive clause:

Reformulate the information so that in each case you have a single sentence containing a noun + an appositive clause… - "They post-modify abstract nouns." How do they differ from RC? -> that is not a relative pronoun functioning as S/O in RC we translate that as "který"; in appositive clauses we translate it us "že" -> it's a conjunction

1. Some people believe that we can abolish war. This seems hopeful rather than realistic.

→ The belief that we can abolish war seems hopeful rather than realistic.

1. People sometimes suggest that we are not all equal. This makes some people very angry.

→ Any suggestion that we are not all equal makes some people very angry.

1. Some people explain that accidents are often nobody´s fault. But many people do not accept this.

→ Many people do not accept the explanation that accidents are often nobody´s fault.

1. I was told that there are more scientists alive today than have ever lived before. Is that a fact?

→ Is it a fact that there are more scientists alive today than have ever lived before?

1. Scientists say that there are a lot of black holes in the universe. I don´t understand this theory.