Syntax - přednášky

Keep it wherever it is available. (adverbial clause of place -> keep it where?)

Keep it at a place where it is available. (defining relative clause -> which place?)

I shall never forget you wherever you may be. (adverbial clause of concession)

Things then improved, which surprises me. (sentential relative clause)

Exercise:

Find main and subordinate clauses. Specify the types of subordinate clauses.

1 (M) Stay where you are. → Adverbial clause of place

2 (M) He wouldn’t say where he had been. → nominal WH interrogative clause – functions as an object

3 (M) He showed her where her father’s pictures had hung in the house. → nominal relative clause – functions as an object

4 (M) He showed her the walls of the prison where her father died. → defining relative clause – PM of a NP > it is an attribute – it functions as an post-modification of a noun phrase

5 (M) Five in the afternoon is when we are always tired. → nominal relative clause <- as a complement, it follows to be verb

6 (M) We waited several minutes afraid to talk lest we be overheard. → adverbial clause of purpose - functions as an adverbial; and present subjunctive

7 (M) Really, the whole thing has worked out so smoothly that one feels one is being watched over by Providence. → Adverbial clause of result (that one feels) – functions as an adverbial; 3rd clause - nominal THAT clause – even if the “THAT” is left out ([that] one is being watched over by Providence)

8 (M) I would have been disappointed had your courage failed you. → Adverbial clause of condition – functions as an adverbial

9 (Adverbial clause of contrast/concession functioning as an adverbial) ← While there are many heroes in uniform, (M) a uniform does not automatically make a hero.

10 (Adverbial clause of concession or contrast)← Hopeless as the situation must have seemed to her, (M) there was something to do and (M) she was herself again. (front an adjective or use even though)

11 (M) Hardly had the door closed behind her when he fell asleep. → Adverbial clause of time – it functions as an adverbial

12 (M) I always had to go where I found a job. → Adverbial clause of place – functions as an adverbial

13 (M) Success came at a time when nobody expected it. → defining Relative clause functioning as a post-modification

14 (M) They were only supposed to be away for a day or two, (M) but now there is no telling when they’ll be able to get back.→ nominal WH- interrogative clause functioning as an object

15 (M) It has to be done, unpleasant though it may be. → Adverbial clause of contrast – functions as an adverbial

Exercise -

Analyse the following sentences in terms of main clauses and different types of subordinate clauses. Write the names of subordinate clauses (e.g. adverbial clause of reason) above the chunks of words they refer to and specify the functions (e.g. object direct). If you come across the infinitive of purpose, change it into an adverbial clause of purpose if possible.