engelberg - Toshiba
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The Financial Services Agency (“FSA”) is the government regulator
currently tasked with implementation of the SC and CGC.78 In order to better
understand the effect the codes have on corporate governance, the FSA created
the Japan Revitalization Strategy (“JRS”).79 The JRS requires regulators and
71 See Masao Nakamura, Has Japan’s Corporate Governance Reform Worked?, EAST ASIA FORUM (Oct.
23, 2015), http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/10/23/hasjapanscorporategovernancereformworked.
72 See id.
73 See id.
74 See Japan Needs to Make New Governance Rules Work, FIN. TIMES (Jan. 26, 2016, 7:03 PM),
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8bb28aae-c374-11e5-808f-8231cd71622e.html#axzz40Fbq4QWM.
75 Id.
76 Id.
77 See supra Part I.
78 See The First Council of Experts Concerning Follow-up of Japan’s Stewardship Code and Japan’s
Corporate Governance Code, FIN. SERVICES AGENCY 1, 1–2 (Sept. 21, 2015), available at
http://www.fsa.go.jp/en/refer/councils/follow-up/minutes/20150924-1.pdf.
79 Id.
ENGELBERG ESSAY GALLEYSFINAL
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REIGNING IN A CULTURE OF FRAUD
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industry leaders to periodically meet and strategize about how best to
implement reform.80 Based on the JRS and recent enforcement actions by FSA,
there are early signs that policing corporate behavior is a high priority for
regulators.81 While promising, critics are skeptical about whether these current
actions will be enough to shift corporate behavior.
Minutes from recent JRS meetings indicate the FSA’s top priority is to
ensure listed companies appoint at least two outside directors.82 FSA believes
this is key to stemming the tide of Japan’s corporate accounting scandals,
however, recent events with Toshiba cast doubt on the effectiveness of this
regulation.83 Despite the fact that Toshiba had four outside board of directors,
it was still able to pull off one of the largest accounting frauds in Japanese
history.84 The FSA’s intense focus on improving board diversity begs the
question of whether the agency is superficially implementing rules rather than
focusing on dismantling the cultural norms of makoto and groupthink prevalent
in Japanese culture.