engelberg - Toshiba
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52 Japan: Landmark Corporate Governance Reforms, FRESHFIELDS BRUCKHAUS DERINGER 1 (May
2015), http://www.freshfields.com/uploadedFiles/SiteWide/Knowledge/Japan%20-%20landmark%20
corporate%20governance%20reforms%20(May%202015).pdf.
53 Id. at 1.
54 Id. at 2.
55 See id.
56 See id.
57 Id. at 3.
58 Id.
59 Id.
ENGELBERG ESSAY GALLEYSFINAL
8/25/2016 11:36 AM
2016]
REIGNING IN A CULTURE OF FRAUD
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compliance be included in periodic reports that institutional investors release to
demonstrate whether stewardship responsibilities are fulfilled.60
In addition to the “comply or explain” method, the SC requires institutional
investors to act in the best interests of clients and beneficiaries.61 To achieve
this, the SC requires that an open and honest dialogue be maintained between
investors and clients.62 The SC also emphasizes the importance of achieving
medium-to-long-term returns on investments.63 Critical to long-term success,
is an investor actively managing and monitoring investments consistent with
shareholder goals.64 In order to comply with the SC, institutional investors
must pressure investee companies to meet medium-to-long-term growth goals
consistent with the shareholders’ objectives.65 The SC increases the
responsiveness of corporations who have historically ignored shareholders.
The CGC consists of mandatory principles all companies listed on the TSE
and JASDAQ must comply with.66 The CGC drew inspiration from the United
Kingdom’s corporate governance laws, and contains a set of principles and
objectives publicly traded companies must observe using a “comply or
explain” basis similar to the SC.67 Unlike the SC, the CGC does allow for non-
complying high-growth and emerging companies to be held to a lower
reporting standard and does not contain a provision clearly delineating the
roles of Board members and corporate executives.68 Some hallmarks of the
CGC include requirements that all companies employ at least two outside
board of directors, engage actively with shareholders, and relax corporate
measures meant to dissuade mergers and acquisitions.69 In addition, the CGC
requires that Directors owe a fiduciary duty to their shareholders in order to
promote medium-to-long-term growth for the benefit of the company as a
whole.70