K zápočtu

DEFINITIONS:

Customs =ways of behaving or believes which has been established for a long time:

Laws =rules, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves, or the whole system of such rules:

Rule=an accepted principle or instruction that states the way things are or should be done, and tells you what you are allowed or are not allowed to do.

BROAD QUESTIONS:

What is descriptive law?

Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the rather consistent law of gravity, other less consistent laws of economics.

What is prescriptive law?

Prescriptive laws prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how fast we actually do drive, of course.

Explain the difference between rules and laws.

Some of rules are customs-informal rules of social and behavior. Others are rules of

social institutions such as religious, educational and cultural groups. The last ones are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.

So we can say, that laws are only a part of rules which we can’t break without suffering a penalty, other rules we can. However, when we continually break them, other members of society may ridicule us, criticize us and act violently toward us.

Basic Vocabulary, Terms and Questions of UNIT 2:

Sources of Modern Law

Adjournment odročení

at the judge’s discretion podle vůle soudců

avoid obligation vyhnout se závazku

to be comprehensively codified být jednotně kodifikovaný

biased judgements předpojaté názory

Bills become Acts návrhy zákonů se stanou zákony

binding precedent zavazující precedens

breach of contract claim porušení smluvní pohledávky/nároku

to call a quorum dosáhnout kvalifikované většiny

canon law církevní právo

civil war občanská válka

codification of law kodifikace práva

the court is empowered to soud je zmocněný

court rulings soudní pořádek

criminal code trestní zákoník

to deal with civil disputes řešit občansko-právní spory

directives, circulars, guidance notes směrnice, oběžníky, metodické pokyny

disappointed litigants neúspěšný účastník sporu

enactment uzákonění

equity should prevail spravedlnost by měla převážit

essential elements of a case nezbytné / základní elementy případu

explanatory note vysvětlivka

to fail to give redress nedat odškodnění

to fulfil a contract dodržet smlouvu

germane amendments podstatné/relevantní dodatky

impact on the legal environment dopad na právní prostredí

impartial decision nestranné rozhodnutí

in case of conflict v případě sporu

inchoate act zákon nemající všechny náležitosti

injunction soudní opatření

it is permissible for the judge je to přípustné pro soudce

judiciary, legislature, executive soudní moc, zákonodarná moc, výkonná moc

law-abiding person osoba dodržující zákony