syntax-zpracované všechny přednášky
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“The info in the WH-clause is typical y old or understood, while the info in the fol owing clause is new
and in focus.” C.Dictionary
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Special construction (only for WH-cleft sentences) - PREDICATE
Emphasis on an action
Special construction
ALL/WHAT + S + DO + BE + ACTION (verb, (to) infinitive)
The guests played mini-golf after tea. →
What the guests did after tea was played/play/to play mini-golf.
We can emphasise different parts of the sentence
What the guests played after tea was mini-golf. Emphasis after the verb BE
What happened after tea was that the guests played mini-golf. Emphasis after the verb BE
“WHO, WHOSE, WHY, HOW do not easily enter into the pseudo-cleft sentence construction. To
compensate for these restrictions - numerous paraphrases of pseudo-cleft constructions are used.” R.
Quirk
The person who spoke to you must have been the manager.
Somebody whose writing I admire is Jil .
Other WH words ↓
1966 was (the year) WHEN England won the World Cup.
The sports hal is (the place) WHERE the students do the examination.
El ipsis
“El ipsis happens when we leave out (in other words, when we don’t use) items which we would
normal y expect to use in a sentence if we fol owed the grammatical rules.” C. Dictionary
Grammatical omission → the actual word(s) must be precisely recoverable.
When we insert the missing word(s), we don’t change the meaning
When we insert the missing word(s), the sentence should remain grammatical
(formal) He always wakes up earlier than I. ←→(gramma cal y correct) He always wakes up earlier
than I wake up.
(informal) He always wakes up earlier than me. ←→ (WRONG!) He always wakes up earlier than me
wake up. Ungrammatical, therefore not strictly el iptical!