UKLBE-poznámky

- concept of family

• came with definition of rhetoric

4. Art

• is the product or process of deliberately arranging items (often with symbolic significance) in a way that influences and affects one or more of the senses, emotions, and intellect

• including music, literature, film, photography, sculpture, and paintings

• art is made with the intention of stimulating thoughts and emotions

Aesthetics (related to Art)

• is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty

• The Origin of the Work of Art

  • is the title of an article by German philosopher Martin Heidegger

  • Heidegger explains the essence of art in terms of the concepts of being and truth

  • he argues that art is not only a way of expressing the element of truth in a culture, but the means of creating it

  • Works of art are not merely representations of the way things are, but actually produce a community's shared understanding. Each time a new artwork is added to any culture, the meaning of what it is to exist is inherently changed.

  • The hermeneutic circle

    • → raises the paradox that, in any work, without understanding the whole, you can’t fully comprehend the individual parts, but without understanding the parts, you cannot comprehend the whole

      • Applied to art and artwork, we find that without knowledge of the essence of art, we cannot grasp the essence of the artwork, but without knowledge of the artwork, we cannot find the essence of art.

    • However, this circular character of interpretation does not make it impossible to interpret a text; rather, it stresses that the meaning of a text must be found within its cultural, historical, and literary context.

  • A main influence on Heidegger's conception of art was Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche contends that art is superior to truth, something Heidegger eventually disagrees with not because of the ordered relationship Nietzsche puts forth but because of the philosopher's definition of truth itself, one he claims is overly traditional.

Reader-response criticism

• is a school of literary theory that focuses on the reader (or "audience") and his or her experience of a literary work, in contrast to other schools and theories that focus attention primarily on the author or the content and form of the work

• Reader-response theory recognizes the reader as an active agent who imparts "real existence" to the work and completes its meaning through interpretation.

• Stanley Fish (an American literary theorist and legal scholar) published Surprised by Sin, the first study of a large literary work (Paradise Lost) that focused on its readers' experience

• Plato

  • was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science

  • Allegory of the Cave

    • It is written as a fictional dialogue between Plato's teacher Socrates and Plato's brother Glaucon at the beginning of Book

    • they are talking about the idea that: a cave inhabited by prisoners who have been chained and held immobile since childhood: not only are their arms and legs held in place, but their heads are also fixed, compelled to gaze at a wall in front of them. Behind the prisoners is an enormous fire, and between the fire and the prisoners is a raised walkway, along which people walk carrying things on their heads "including figures of men and animals made of wood, stone and other materials". The prisoners watch the shadows cast by the men, not knowing they are shadows ...