UKLBE-poznámky

- Ahmad Aijaz - against Said - limits of postcolonial criticism

- nesting orientalism, nesting occidentalism

- zeugmatic spaces - zeugma = bridge

• in the 18th century

  • Europians (west) and British started researching India

  • century of James Cook – explored the islands of Pacific

    • different culture (Tahiti)

    • multiplicity of cultures

• ideology (not knowledge) of orient

• gave examples from the area which he knew the best (Turkie, Libanon,...)

  • orient - lazy, sexually promiscuits

• India is very different from the Middle East

Frantz Fanon

Bill Ashcroft

• book - The Empires writes back

  • subheaded as : Theory and Practise in post-colonial literatures

  • in this book he analysed the culture of countries

Gayatri Spivak

• indians scholar

• woman

• wrote: Can the Subaltern Speak?

  • Spivak discusses some nuances of the race and power dynamics involved in the banning of the Sati. Spivak writes that in the few places where sati was practiced, such as Bengal, women had the right to inherit which means there may have been some corrupting fiscal influences involved in the performance of sati. Still, all we hear about sati are re-presentations (by British colonizers or Hindu leaders) of what sati meant to, or how it oppressed, women, but we never hear from the sati-performing brown women themselves- thus the subaltern cannot speak. Some critics, however, say that the sati-performing women cannot speak because they die in the practice of ritual suicide.

  • subaltern:

    • The term subaltern is used in postcolonial theory. The exact meaning of the term in current philosophical and critical usage is disputed. Some thinkers use it in a general sense to refer to marginalized groups and the lower classes - a person rendered without agency by his or her social status. Others, such as Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak use it in a more specific sense. She argues that:

    • Subaltern was first used in a non-military sense by italian marxist Antonio Gramsci. Some believe that he used the term as a synonym for proletariat.

• interested in sati – old ceremony when the husband died the wife(s) she would throw herself on the pire (the fire) of her husbends corps (suicide) – it gave respectibility to her family

  • still exists in rural remote traditional areas

12. Stylistics

• it is the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective

• includes the use of dialogue, including regional accents and people's dialects,...

• 19th century

• comes from style

• study of a text

• Leo Spitzer

  • every text has an internal heart / ideal internal structure / soul

• Charles Bally

  • student of Sausere

  • study of french in stylistics studies

  • deviation

• Michael Halliday

  • contributed to stylistics with new motion register

  • the text depends on context

  • záleží na tom, komu ten text je určen, tomu se přiměřeně upravuje

13. Structuralism

• is a theoretical paradigm that emphasizes that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or "structure."

• je přístup k lidským vědám pokoušející se analyzovat specifické pole jako komplexní systém vzájemně spojených částí. To začalo v lingvistice prací Ferdinanda de Saussure. Ale mnoho intelektuálů francouzštiny si všimlo že to může mít širší aplikaci a model byl brzy upraven a platil i v ostatních oblastech jako: antropologie, psychoanalýza, literární teorie a architektura.

• The most prominent thinkers associated with structuralism include the linguist Roman Jakobson, the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, and the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan.

• Ferdinand de Saussure

  • Structuralism first comes to prominence as a specific discourse with the work of a Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure, who developed a branch of linguistics called "Structural Linguistics."

  • The Sign = the basic element of language

    • Signifier/Signified

    • he divides the sign into its two aspects

    • signifier = The signifier is the pointing finger, the word, the sound-image.

    • signified = The signified is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated by the signifier. It need not be a 'real object' but is some referent to which the signifier refers. Whilst the signifier is more stable, the signified varies between people and contexts.

    • Signifier: Tree = Signified: the mental image of a tree