UKLBE-poznámky

1. Rhythm

• Rhythm is significant in poetry because poetry is so emotionally charged and intense. Rhythm can be measured in terms of heavily stressed to less stressed syllables. Rhythm is measured in feet, units usually consisting of one heavily accented syllable and one or more lightly accented syllable.

• Iamb (Iambic) = (unaccented, accented) - „good-bye“

• Trochee (Trochaic) = (accented, unaccented) - „awful

• Anapest (Anapestic) = (2x unaccented, accented) - „halloween“

• Dactyl (Dactylic) = (accented, 2x unaccented) - „wonderful“

• There are two parts to the term „iambic pentameter“. The first part refers to the type of poetic foot being used predominantly in the line. A poetic foot is a basic repeated sequence of meter comprised of two or more accented or unaccented syllables. The second part of defining „iambic pentameter“has to do with line length.

• 1 - monometer, 2 - diameter, 3 - trimeter, 4 - tetrameter, 5 - pentameter, 6 – hexameter, 7 - heptameter, 8 – octameter

• iambic pentameter is the most common meter in English poetry (Shakespeare)

• dactylic hexameter (Homer)

2. Rhyme

• is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most often used in poetry and songs

End Rhymes

• rhyming of the final words of lines in a poem

Internal Rhymes

• rhyming two words within the same line of poetry

Slant Rhymes

• rhyme in which two words share a vowel sound (heart, star) or a consonant sound (milk, walk)

Eye Rhymes

• rhyme on words that look the same but which are actually pronounced differently (bough, rough)

Identical Rhymes

• simply using the same word twice

Perfect rhymes

• perfect rhymes can be classified according to the number of syllables included in the rhyme, which is dictated by the location of the final stressed syllable

  • masculine : a rhyme in which the stress is on the final syllable of the words

  • feminine : a rhyme in which the stress is on the penultimate (second from last) syllable of the words

  • dactylic : a rhyme in which the stress is on the antepenultimate (third from last) syllable of the words

3. Rhetoric

• is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations

• Along with grammar and logic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse.

• Aristotle

  • was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great

  • whereas Plato was a creator of a myths and poet, Aristotles' writing was precise like a dictionary

  • views on women: Aristotle is considered by some feminist critics to have been a misogynist. On the other hand, Aristotle gave equal weight to women's happiness as he did to men's, and commented in his Rhetoric that a society cannot be happy unless women are happy too.

  • His works:

    • 47 titles from physics, metaphysics, rhetorics, politics, etc.

      • rhetorics and poetics

        • Rhetoric, Rhetoric to Alexander, Poetics

          • Comedy, for instance, is a dramatic imitation of men worse than average; whereas tragedy imitates men slightly better than average.

          • While it is believed that Aristotle's Poetics comprised two books – one on comedy and one on tragedy – only the portion that focuses on tragedy has survived. Tragedy is the imitation of action arousing pity and fear, and is meant to effect the catharsis of those same emotions.