UKLBE-poznámky

5. Poetry

• is a form of literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning

• in poetry, meter is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse

Sonnet

• first four lines typically introduce the topic

• usually follows an a-b-a-b rhyme pattern

• particularly associated with love poetry

• fourteen lines following a set rhyme scheme and logical structure

Rondeau

• originally a French form, written on two rhymes with fifteen lines, using the first part of the first line as a refrain

Roundel

• nine lines plus a refrain after the third line and after the last line

Rondelet

• seven lines

Triolet

• eight line poem

Ghazal

• a form of poetry common in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, etc. poetry

• from five to fifteen rhyming couplets (=dvojverší)

Acrostic

• a poem or other oform of writing in an alphabetic script, in which the first letter, syllable or word of each line, paragraph or other recurring feature in the text spells out another message

• ex.Elizabeth it is in vain you say

"Love not" — thou sayest it in so sweet a way:

In vain those words from thee or L.E.L.

Zantippe's talents had enforced so well:

Ah! if that language from thy heart arise,

Breath it less gently forth — and veil thine eyes.

Endymion, recollect, when Luna tried

To cure his love — was cured of all beside —

His follie — pride — and passion — for he died.

6. Tropes

• figures of speech

  • is the use of a word or words diverging (=odlišné) from its usual meaning

• epithet - usually adjective, increase a quality

(ex. a good mother)

• metaphor - close to a comparison

(ex. A lifetime is a day, death is sleep)

• metonymy - rhetorical strategy to describe something indirectly by referring things around it

• irony - is using words that have certain meaning, but we mean something different

• oxymoron - we put together two words, that normally cannot function together, to emphasize

(ex. The lady is 90 years young)

• hyperbole - using words in order to increase the effect

(ex. I ate the whole cow)

• litotes - using words in order to decrease the effect, opposite of hyperbole

(ex. She's not the brightest girl in the class. (= She's stupid!) )

• antithesis - contrasting ideas in balanced phrases and verbs

(ex. Such as Hot Cold)

• synecdoche - very close to metonymy, part is used to represent the whole

(ex. "glasses" for spectacles; "steel" for a sword)

The four fundamental operations, categories of change, governing the formation of all figures of speech:

• addition (adiectio), also called repetition/expansion/superabundance

• omission (detractio), also called subtraction/abridgement/lack

• transposition (transmutatio), also called transferring

• permutation (immutatio), also called switching/interchange/substitution/transmutation

• comparison of the synecdoche and metonymy?

  • synecdoche

    • You use this when you speak of a part of something but mean the whole thing. When Patrick O’Brian has Captain Jack Aubrey tell his first lieutenant to “let the hands go to dinner” he’s employing synecdoche, because he’s using a part (the hand) for the whole man. You can also reverse the whole and the part, so using a word for something when you only mean part of it. This often comes up in sport: a commentator might say that “The West Indies has lost to England” when he means that the West Indian team has lost to the English one. America is often used as synecdoche in this second sense, as the word refers to the whole continent but is frequently applied to a part of it, the USA.